The paternal relationship between Arthur Koepke and his son AK is confirmed by the direct inheritance path of autosomal DNA down to their DNA tested descendant MD.

The segmental (via DNA segment triangulation) and total DNA shared between MD and other confirmed descendants of August Friedrich Ferdinand PAHLOW/Christine Sophia Mailahn is consistent with the expected ranges for their respective relationships. Since MD descends from August Friedrich Ferdinand PAHLOW/Christine Sophia Mailahn through Arthur Koepke and his son AK, the presence of significant shared DNA between MD and other known descendants of August Friedrich Ferdinand PAHLOW/Christine Sophia Mailahn validates the generational links along this paternal line.

This supports the conclusion that DNA was passed from MRCA couple August Friedrich Ferdinand PAHLOW/Christine Sophia Mailahn through Arthur Koepke to AK, and ultimately to MD, confirming this direct ancestral connection through multiple generations.