The paternal relationship between Carl Noval 'Luigi' Mingione and his DNA tested son CM is confirmed by the direct inheritance path of autosomal DNA.
The segmental (via DNA segment triangulation) and total DNA shared between CM and other confirmed descendants of
Edward Carpenter is consistent with the expected ranges for their respective relationships. Since CM descends from Edward Carpenter through Carl Noval 'Luigi' Mingione, the presence of significant shared DNA between CM and other known descendants of Edward Carpenter validates the generational links along this paternal line.
This supports the conclusion that DNA was passed from MRCA Edward Carpenter through Carl Noval 'Luigi' Mingione to CM, confirming this direct ancestral connection through multiple generations.